Building on workplace empowerment and human capital resource theory, we examine the role of human capital in the creation of organizational innovation capability through structural empowerment. We further propose the internal dynamic environment and strategic importance of human capital moderate the indirect effect of human capital in the relationship between structural empowerment and innovation capability. With a sample of 437 manufacturing firms representing 28,455 managers and employees from 2007 to 2019 in South Korea, we found that structural empowerment positively affects innovation capability via human capital. Moreover, we found that when structural empowerment is underpinned by a high internal dynamic environment or under high strategic importance of human capital, the indirect effect of structural empowerment on innovation capability.